Cold Air Is Dry Air
Relative humidity is what everyone likes to talk about. It gets the attention, but it can be confusing, especially when the temperatures drop. The truth is that, despite a high relative humidity, cold air is dry air. For example, at one point yesterday, we had a relative humidity (RH) of 97%. Seems humid, eh? It’s not really. Not in terms of how much water vapor is actually in the air, that is. The psychrometric chart above shows how this works.
The two points I’ve highlighted on the chart are:
- Point A: 32° F, 100% RH
- Point B: 70° F, 20% RH
They’re connected by the arrow, indicating that when that cold, seemingly humid, outdoor air leaks into a home by infiltration, it warms up. Let’s assume that the mass of air leaking in doesn’t gain or lose any water vapor molecules along the way.
The psychrometric chart rocks!
On the psychrometric chart, an unchanging number of water molecules means the movement is purely horizontal. The temperature changes but the water vapor concentration does not. But as that mass of air warms up, the relative humidity does change. In simple terms, a warmer temperature implies a greater potential for water vapor. That’s because it’s easier for water to evaporate when there’s more heat around.
Outdoors, the relative humidity was 100 percent. When that air comes indoors, we now have a condition where the amount of water vapor in the air could be much higher. Why? Simply because the temperature is higher. But if we didn’t add more water vapor, that means the relative humidity is less than 100 percent now.
The three main psychrometric variables of concern here are:
- Temperature – Dry bulb, what we normally mean when we say the word; it’s shown along the horizontal axis.
- Humidity Ratio – How much actual water vapor is in the air; often measured in grains per pound of dry air, where 1 grain = 1/7000 of a pound (or 7000 grains = 1 pound). Sometimes this is referred to as absolute humidity, although that term technically has a different definition.
- Relative Humidity – What we usually mean we say the word “humidity.” It’s actually the partial pressure of water vapor in the air divided by the vapor pressure when the air is saturated at that temperature.
As you can see from the psych chart above, there are only about 22 grains/lb of water vapor when the temperature is 32° F and the RH is 100%. (That temperature has a special name: dew point.) It turns out that 22 grains/lb (often referred to as simply 22 grains) isn’t a lot of water vapor. Because, you know, cold air is dry air.
Spring, summer, & winter on the psych chart
On a nice spring day when the temperature has risen to 70° F and the RH is 50%, the humidity ratio is about 50 grains/lb. Can you find that on the chart above? Can you find what the dew point is for that condition? (Answer below)
One of the worst kind of days we have here in the Atlanta area is when it’s about 80° F an 80% RH. Ugghhhhh. The absolutely humidity is about 122 grains/lb, and the dew point is 73° F. And that’s not even the worst I’ve experienced in the Southeast. Atlanta has nice, fairly mild summers compared to where I was born: Houston, Texas.
Back to the main point, though, if we think of air by the actual concentration of water vapor, it’s easy to see that cold air is dry air. 100% RH at the freezing point has only 22 grains per pound. 80% RH at 80° F has 122 grains per pound. If you had 80° F air with only 22 grains/lb, the relative humidity would be less than 15%. You’d be in a desert.
Psychrometrics on your smart phone
If you have a smart phone, you can find apps that do psychrometric calculations for you. I have two on my iPhone. One is the Ultra-Aire Psychrometric Calculator made by Thermastor. They make great dehumidifiers,* and their app can help you find how much water removal you’ll get based on the input and output conditions of the air. You can also do basic psychrometric calculations with relative humidity, absolute humidity, dry bulb temperature, and dew point. I also have one called Psychrometrics Lite, which does the basic calculations and allows you to adjust for altitude. Both of these are free. You can get more advanced apps that cost a few bucks.
Answer to Question: At 70° F and 50% RH, the dew point is ~50° F. You can see that by finding the point for 70° F and 50% RH and then going horizontally to the left until you hit the 100% RH curve.
Allison A. Bailes III, PhD is a speaker, writer, building science consultant, and the founder of Energy Vanguard in Decatur, Georgia. He has a doctorate in physics and is the author of a popular book on building science. He also writes the Energy Vanguard Blog. You can follow him on Twitter at @EnergyVanguard.
Related Articles
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* This is an affiliate link. You pay the same price you would pay normally, but Energy Vanguard may make a small commission if you buy after using the link.
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Allison,
Allison,
One of the benefits of being in PST is I get to see your articles while everyone else nips asleep.
Check the graph. I believe you drew the line at 22*, not 32*.
Best wishes
Steve – the lune iS at 32
Steve – the lune iS at 32 degrees F.
ALlison – You might append or follow up this thouggt with a comfort application. Fact is that for most of the country, on most days, we have less of an “air conditioning” (read cool the temperature) problem and more a humidity (reduce the moisture in the air) problem. This is especially true for superinsulated homes, and huge problems for superinsulated homes with small gapes in air barrier that allows moisture inside to equalize with outside.
Maybe there are a couple articles here.
Steve W.:
Steve W.: The graph is a bit hard to read, but the I drew is at 32° F. The lowest temperature given on the horizontal axis is 35° F, and I started a bit before that.
geoff h.: Absolutely. I usually break things down and focus on one little bit at a time. I also like to be seasonally appropriate, and most of my readers are in the Northern Hemisphere. Once we get back into cooling season, I’ll hit the topic you suggest.
Three cheers for focusing on
Three cheers for focusing on this subject. So many discussions would be clearer if people could just get basic education about temperature and humidity — I was on the other side for a long while and recognize how much my thinking has changed.
Allison,
Allison,
Back to “Reading Graphs 101” for me :-(. In my feeble defense, it’s been so long since I used a psych chart, I was looking at the right side, vertical numbers.
I shall think long and hard before again criticizing the great one :-).
Excellent article on a topic too few civilians appreciate!
Allison, great article. Could
Allison, great article. Could you please comment on claims by some HVAC installers that some heating technologies are more comfortable than others because “they don’t dry out the air as much.” Thanks.
If you sell those shirts, I
If you sell those shirts, I would like the graph on the back of the shirt. Timely topic! Thanks.
The best tool I’ve found is
The best tool I’ve found is here:
http://www.dpcalc.org/
Conversely, the warm,
Conversely, the warm, conditioned air inside the house, that has an RH of 20% and then diffuses or escapes through bypasses into an attic with a temperature of 32 will condense and freeze on the sheathing. A great reason not to add humidity to the air inside the house in the winter.
James Q,
James Q,
Condensation “somewhere” is a concern I have as well. My 2002 home is reasonably tight (2000 CFM/50) but here in the high and dry desert of western NV, I’ve been adding about 2 gallons a day to my stand alone humidifier to maintain 30% RH @ 70F (20% w/o).
I sometimes lay awake at night, wondering where all that water is going…
Best wishes